They have 1.5 billion population already, 1 child policy is pretty understandble - they cannot even grow enough grain to feed more than 1.5 billion because there's not enough land. And this policy should be enforced one way or the other, and it isn't going to be pretty.
If they let their fertility rate loose now, much worse things will start happening, like hunger, revolts etc. And it DID happen in China's history several times already, they just do not want it to happen again.
I wouldn't want to be in China's gov shoes now - they're doing what has to be done, since all alternatives are far worse, but that's not going to be popular.
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