the degrees
UNDERGRADUATE
Associates: 2 years, generally associated with a trade, such as technology, bookkeeping, hotel management. Can be converted into a Bachelors with a transfer and two more years of school. Cannot go to graduate school.
Bachelor of Arts (BA): 4 year Non-trade degree, such as English, Language arts, Poetry, Women's studies. Course of study can be rather unfocused and wide-ranging. Can go to grad school.
Bachelor of Science (BS): 4 years technical or scientific degree, generally focused on a discipline. Can go to grad school.
GRADUATE
Masters (MA): Generally a 2 year course of study very focused on a single discipline or subject. The holder of a BA in English Liturature might focus on a specific type or period, and have a Masters in English Literature.
Juris Doctor (JD): Masters degree focused on the practice of Law.
Masters of Business Administration (MBA): Masters degree focused on business.
Doctor of Philosophy, or Doctorate (PhD): Further variable length specialization or focus on a discipline or subject. Generally largely self regulated study culminating in the production of a Doctoral Thesis, a paper demonstrating great understanding of the chosen area of study reviewed by professors.
Medical Doctor (MD): Doctoral degree focused on the practice of medicine.
There are tons of others, but those are the most common.
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