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Basic economics class:
By inflation.
If a country borrows $1000
and then run an inflation of 10% for one year
they can then repay the loan at 90% of the value.
There are a lot more to it, of course, but that's a basic theory.
Another is by investing.
Investing a loan of $1000 today
into something which grows faster than the interest rate, say healthcare savings, you can then repay the loan in a few years time with the difference between the interest rate paid and the growth/savings of the investment.
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The truth is not affected by the beliefs, or doubts, of the majority.
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