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A lot depends on which state you live in.
First part. It's normal to invest in the business. What you are describing aren't so much tax write-offs as they are costs of doing business and therefore will be in the expenses section of various forms you will file.
So if your business did $10k in profits, but you spent $12k in hosting, design fees, traffic buys, etc, you actually get to deduct 2k from your gross income from your day job.
If you do turn profitable you are supposed to pay quarterly. Just pay in a profitable quarter. As for the penalties for not paying on time... They are generally pretty low. At least from my perspective.
Let's say that last year I owed $90,000 to IRS and $27,000 to California. And let's say that I paid IRS $45,000 throughout the year and state $15,000... But then I put the rest into a mixture of doge, BTC and eth token coins. And it made $70,000 in profit.
Now I owe $768 to IRS for not paying enough in quarterly and $286 in California. So it cost me a grand to make $69,000 or so in profits.
However, if you don't have a lot of capital yet for investing, those penalties and fees can sting a bit. But they aren't massive by any means.
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