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The plants filter water so does sand, poly fiber, poly plastics pieces eg onion bags, charcoal, silver, porcelain, coconut husks, uv lighting. All depends what you call cheap build filters with linked wells. I have made them with buckets and linked grease traps as use them to filter water for ponds. You are trying to grow the right bacteria take out the nitrates and nitrites. Depends how much water trying to filter i sell this stuff so canisters have cheapest cartridges but need pressure to push through it eg pressure pump over transfer pump and gravity. Eg more power required to push it though eg 10x. I assume it isn't going to be your drinking water perhaps build a staircase water fall planter where one tray fills flows into next or a bucket system with plants. Aquaponics if have enough fish would save on chemicals and less to filter.
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